Ulayini Wokukhiqiza Umanyolo Oncibilikayo Wamanzi

Ukwethulwa kwenqubo yokuvutshelwa:
I-Biogas fermentation, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-anaerobic digestion kanye ne-anaerobic fermentation, ibhekisela ezintweni eziphilayo (njengomquba womuntu, imfuyo kanye nezinkukhu, utshani, ukhula, njll.) ngaphansi komswakama othile, izinga lokushisa kanye nezimo ze-anaerobic, ngokusebenzisa i-catabolism yamagciwane ahlukahlukene, kanye ekugcineni Inqubo yokwenza ingxube evuthayo yamagesi afana ne-methane ne-carbon dioxide. I-biogas fermentation system isekelwe kumgomo wokuvutshelwa kwe-biogas, ngenhloso yokukhiqiza amandla, futhi ekugcineni ibona ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwe-biogas, i-biogas slurry kanye nezinsalela ze-biogas.

Ukuvutshelwa kwe-Biogas kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-biochemical enezici ezilandelayo:
(1) Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-microorganisms ahilelekile ekuphenduleni kokuvutshelwa, futhi asikho isibonelo sokusebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa ukukhiqiza i-biogas, futhi i-inoculum iyadingeka ukuze kubiliswe ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokuhlolwa.
(2) Izinto ezingasetshenzisiwe ezisetshenziselwa ukuvutshelwa ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zivela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-organic matter noma izingxube zingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zokuvutshelwa, kanti umkhiqizo wokugcina yi-biogas. Ukwengeza, ukuvutshelwa kwe-biogas kungaphatha amanzi angcolile aphilayo nge-COD mass concentration edlula 50,000 mg/L kanye nemfucuza yemvelo enokuqukethwe okuqinile okuphezulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwe-biogas microorganisms kuphansi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, amandla adingekayo ekugayweni kwe-anaerobic kuphela ahlanganisa u-1/30~1/20 wokubola kwe-aerobic.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemishini yokuvutshelwa kwe-biogas, ehlukile ngesakhiwo kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa zonke izinhlobo zamadivayisi zingakhiqiza i-biogas inqobo nje uma umklamo unengqondo.
Ukuvutshelwa kwe-Biogas kubhekisela enqubweni lapho imfucumfucu eqinile ehlukahlukene ivutshelwa yi-biogas microorganisms ukukhiqiza i-biogas. Ngokuvamile ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu:
Isiteji sokuncibilika
Njengoba izinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene eziqinile ngokuvamile azikwazi ukungena kumagciwane futhi zisetshenziswe ama-microorganisms, i-organic matter eqinile kufanele ifakwe emanzini ibe yi-Soluble monosaccharides, ama-amino acid, i-glycerol, nama-fatty acid anesisindo samangqamuzana amancane. Lezi zinto ezincibilikayo ezinesisindo samangqamuzana esincane uma kuqhathaniswa zingangena kumangqamuzana amancane futhi ziphinde zibole futhi zisetshenziswe.
Isiteji se-Acidogenic
Izinto ezihlukahlukene ezincibilikayo (ama-monosaccharides, ama-amino acid, ama-fatty acids) ziyaqhubeka nokubola futhi ziguquke zibe yizinto eziphansi zamangqamuzana ngaphansi kwesenzo samagciwane e-cellulosic, amaprotheni amagciwane, i-lipobacteria, nama-enzyme e-pectin amagciwane e-intracellular, njenge-butyric acid, i-propionic acid, i-acetic acid, kanye nama-alcohols, ama-ketones, ama-aldehydes nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezilula; ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izinto ezingaphili ezifana ne-hydrogen, i-carbon dioxide ne-ammonia ziyakhululwa. Kodwa kulesi sigaba, umkhiqizo oyinhloko i-acetic acid, ibalwa ngaphezu kuka-70%, ngakho-ke ibizwa ngokuthi isiteji sokukhiqiza i-asidi. Amagciwane abamba iqhaza kulesi sigaba abizwa ngokuthi ama-acidogen.
Isiteji se-Methanogenic
Amagciwane e-Methanogenic abola izinto eziphilayo ezilula njenge-acetic acid ebole esigabeni sesibili ibe yi-methane ne-carbon dioxide, bese i-carbon dioxide yehliselwa ku-methane ngaphansi kwesenzo se-hydrogen. Lesi sigaba sibizwa ngesiteji sokukhiqiza igesi, noma isigaba se-metanogenic.
Amagciwane e-Methanogenic adinga ukuhlala endaweni enamandla okunciphisa i-oxidation angaphansi kuka-330mV, futhi ukuvutshelwa kwe-biogas kudinga indawo eqinile ye-anaerobic.
Ngokuvamile kunenkolelo yokuthi kusukela ekuboleni kwezinto ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuya esizukulwaneni sokugcina se-biogas, kunamaqembu amahlanu amakhulu e-physiological amagciwane ahilelekile, okungamagciwane avuthayo, amagciwane akhiqiza i-hydrogen-acetogenic, amagciwane acetogenic asebenzisa i-hydrogen, adla i-hydrogen. ama-methanogens namagciwane akhiqiza i-acetic acid. Ama-Methanogens. Amaqembu amahlanu amagciwane akha uchungechunge lokudla. Ngokomehluko wama-metabolites awo, amaqembu amathathu okuqala amagciwane aqeda inqubo ye-hydrolysis kanye ne-acidification ndawonye, ​​futhi amaqembu amabili okugcina ama-bacterium aqedela inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwe-methane.
amagciwane avuthayo
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ezingase zisetshenziselwe ukuvutshelwa kwe-biogas, njengomquba wemfuyo, utshani bezitshalo, imfucuza yokudla notshwala, njll. njll.), isigaba se-lipids namaprotheni. Iningi lalezi zinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi azincibiliki emanzini futhi kufanele ziqale ziboliswe zibe ushukela oncibilikayo, ama-amino acid nama-fatty acids ngama-enzyme angaphandle kwamangqamuzana akhiqizwa amagciwane avuzayo ngaphambi kokuba amuncwa futhi asetshenziswe amagciwane. Ngemva kokuba amagciwane avuthelayo amunca izinto ezincibilikayo ezishiwo ngenhla emangqamuzaneni, aguqulwa abe i-acetic acid, i-propionic acid, i-butyric acid kanye notshwala ngokuvutshelwa, futhi inani elithile le-hydrogen ne-carbon dioxide liyakhiqizwa ngesikhathi esifanayo. Isamba senani le-acetic acid, i-propionic acid ne-butyric acid emhluzini wokuvutshelwa ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kwe-biogas ibizwa ngokuthi i- total volatile acid (TVA). Ngaphansi kwesimo sokuvutshelwa okuvamile, i-acetic acid iyi-asidi eyinhloko ku-asidi ephelele esetshenzisiwe. Lapho izinto zamaprotheni zibola, ngaphezu kwemikhiqizo, kuzoba ne-ammonia hydrogen sulfide. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamabhaktheriya avuthelayo abandakanyeka enqubweni yokuvutshelwa kwe-hydrolytic, futhi kunamakhulu ezinhlobo ezaziwayo, okuhlanganisa i-Clostridium, i-Bacteroides, i-Butyric acid bacteria, i-Lactic acid bacteria, i-Bifidobacteria kanye ne-Spiral bacteria. Iningi lala magciwane angama-anaerobes, kodwa futhi nama-anaerobes asebenzayo. [1]
Ama-Methanogens
Ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kwe-biogas, ukwakheka kwe-methane kubangelwa iqembu lamagciwane akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-methanogen. Ama-methanogens ahlanganisa i-hydromethanotrophs kanye ne-acetomethanotrophs, okungamalungu eqembu okugcina ochungechungeni lokudla ngesikhathi sokugaya kwe-anaerobic. Nakuba zinezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, isimo sazo echungechungeni lokudla sizenza zibe nezici ezivamile zokwakheka komzimba. Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic, baguqula imikhiqizo yokugcina yamaqembu amathathu okuqala e-bacterial metabolism ibe yimikhiqizo yegesi i-methane ne-carbon dioxide lapho ingekho izamukeli zangaphandle ze-hydrogen, ukuze ukubola kwe-organic matter ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic kuqedwe ngempumelelo.

Ukukhetha inqubo yesixazululo sezakhi zezitshalo:
Ukukhiqizwa kwesisombululo sezakhi zezitshalo kuhloswe ukusebenzisa izingxenye ezizuzisayo ku-slurry ye-biogas futhi wengeze izakhi zamaminerali ezanele ukwenza umkhiqizo ophelile ube nezici ezingcono.
Njengodaba lwemvelo lwe-macromolecular, i-humic acid inomsebenzi omuhle wokuphila kanye nemisebenzi yokumunca, ukuhlangana nokushintshana.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-humic acid kanye ne-biogas slurry ekwelapheni kwe-chelation kungakhuphula ukuzinza kwe-biogas slurry, ukwengeza i-trace element chelation kungenza izitshalo zimunce kangcono izakhi zokulandelela.

Isingeniso senqubo ye-Humic acid chelation:
I-Chelation ibhekisela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali lapho ama-ion ensimbi axhunyaniswa khona nama-athomu amabili noma ngaphezulu okuxhumanisa (okungewona awensimbi) ku-molecule efanayo ngamabhondi okuxhumana ukuze akhe isakhiwo se-heterocyclic (chelate ring) esiqukethe ama-ion ensimbi. uhlobo lomphumela. Kufana nomphumela we-chelation wezizipho ze-crab, yingakho igama. Ukwakheka kwendandatho ye-chelate kwenza i-chelate izinze kakhulu kune-non-chelate complex enokwakheka okufanayo kanye nesakhiwo. Lo mphumela wokuzinza okwandayo okubangelwa i-chelation ubizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-chelation.
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali lapho iqembu elisebenzayo le-molecule eyodwa noma ama-molecule amabili kanye ne-ion yensimbi yakhe isakhiwo esiyindandatho ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumanisa kubizwa ngokuthi i-chelation, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-chelation noma i-cyclization. Phakathi kwe-iron ye-inorganic emuncwa umzimba womuntu, yi-2-10% kuphela emuncwa. Lapho amaminerali eguqulwa abe amafomu agayekayo, ama-amino acid ngokuvamile ayengezwa ukuze kube inhlanganisela “ye-chelate”. Okokuqala nje, i-Chelation isho ukucubungula izinto zamaminerali zibe amafomu agayekayo. Imikhiqizo evamile yamaminerali, njengesidlo samathambo, i-dolomite, njll, cishe ayikaze "i-chelated". Ngakho-ke, ekugayweni kokudla, kufanele kuqala kuphathwe "chelation". Kodwa-ke, inqubo yemvelo yokwenza amaminerali abe yinhlanganisela ye-“chelate” (chelate) emizimbeni yabantu abaningi ayisebenzi kahle. Ngenxa yalokho, izithako zamaminerali cishe azinamsebenzi. Kulokhu siyazi ukuthi izinto ezithathwe umzimba womuntu azikwazi ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele imiphumela yazo. Iningi lomzimba womuntu alikwazi ukugaya nokumunca ukudla ngokuphumelelayo. Phakathi kwe-iron ye-inorganic ehilelekile, kuphela i-2% -10% empeleni igaywe, futhi i-50% izokhishwa, ngakho umzimba womuntu usuvele "i-chelated" yensimbi. “Ukugaya kanye nokumuncwa kwamaminerali alungisiwe kuphakeme ngokuphindwe ka-3-10 kunamaminerals angakahlanzwa. Ngisho noma usebenzisa imali ethe xaxa, kuyafaneleka.
Umanyolo osetshenziswa njengamanje osetshenziswa kakhulu ophakathi nendawo kanye ne-trace element ngokuvamile awukwazi ukumuncwa futhi usetshenziswe izitshalo ngoba izakhi zokulandelela ezingaphili zilungiswa kalula yinhlabathi enhlabathini. Ngokuvamile, ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezinto ezilandelwayo ze-chelated emhlabathini kuphezulu kunalokhu kwezakhi zokulandelela ezingaphili. Intengo ye-chelated trace elements nayo iphakeme kunaleyo kamanyolo we-inorganic trace element.